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LOCAL ANESTHETICS. INTRODUCTION. Compared to general anesthesia with opioid- based perioperative pain management, regional anesthesia can provide benefitslocal anesthetic. 2. 2. 2. Vasoconstrictor. Epinephrine. 1:50,000. Epinephrine. 1:100,000 Handbook of local anesthesia / Stanley E Malamed original. local anesthetic, procaine. In 1943, Lofgren introduces lidocaine, the prototypical amide local anesthetic. Development of local anesthetics,